This Endless Summer School (ESS) session will focus on recent advances presented at the 2025 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2025) held in December 2025. NeurIPS is one of the three most important conferences in machine learning and AI, and the largest gathering of researchers in this field. This ESS seminar is designed to provide attendees with a comprehensive overview of the latest trends and innovations, spotlighting the work of researchers who are at the forefront of these dynamic areas.